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Elsa Neumann
Elsa Neumann (23 August 1872 – 23 July 1902) was a German physicist. She was the first woman to receive a PhD in physics from the University of Berlin, in 1899.
== Early life and education ==
As a woman, Elsa Neumann was generally denied access to higher education. In 1890 she graduated with a ''Lehrerinnenprüfung'' (teachers' diploma), a degree that did not require higher education at that time and was considered less than a ''Realgymnasium'' education. Thus she took private lessons with various professors in order to acquire the advanced knowledge and skills necessary for university-level studies. From 1894 she studied physics, mathematics, chemistry, and philosophy for nine semesters at the Universities of Berlin and Göttingen. Since women in Prussia were prohibited from pursuing regular university studies at that time, Neumann had to obtain permission from each professor to attend their lectures. The physics professors Emil Warburg and Max Planck were among her most influential supporters. In 1898 she received special approval from the Ministry of Education to obtain a doctorate degree. She graduated that the same year cum laude; the graduation ceremony was held on 18 February 1899. Her work ''Über die Polarisationskapazität umkehrbarer Elektroden'' ("On the polarization capacity of reversible electrodes") was published in the prestigious journal ''Annalen der Physik'' in 1899.
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